Publisher: Daniel Carlat, MD

Editor-in-Chief: Noah Capurso, MD, MHS

Deputy Editor: Talia Puzantian, PharmD, BCPP, professor at the Keck Graduate Institute School of Pharmacy in Claremont, CA

Senior Editor: Ilana Fogelson
Director of Digital Content: Laurie Martin
Associate Editor: Harmony Zambrano

Founding Editor: David A. Frenz, MD, medical director of addiction medicine at HealthEast Care System in St. Paul, MN

Editorial Board

Bachaar Arnaout, MD, associate clinical professor of psychiatry at the Yale School of Medicine in New Haven, CT

Sandra Gomez-Luna, MD, clinical assistant professor at Yale University; adult, adolescent, and child psychiatrist in Darien, CT

Travis M. Lajoie, DO, adjunct assistant professor at the University of Utah School of Medicine; medical director of inpatient psychiatry at the George E. Wahlen Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center in Salt Lake City, UT

Timothy J. Legg, PhD, PsyD, MSN, MPA, MSc, Legg Counseling & Consulting Services, LLC in Clarks Summit, PA

Ben Oldfield, MD, clinical instructor at Yale University; chief medical officer at Fair Haven Community Health Care in New Haven, CT

Joshua Sonkiss, MD, president of Sonkiss Medical Consulting, LLC in Fairbanks, AK

Rachel Sprunger, LCSW, senior social worker, VA system rural mental health team in Fresno, CA

David Stiffler, MD, clinical associate professor of psychiatry and medical director of the Steven A. Cohen Military Family Center at NYU Grossman School of Medicine in New York, NY

Mikveh Warshaw, NP, psychiatric mental health nurse practitioner at Community Health Center, Inc.; faculty member of Center for Key Populations (CKP) Program in Middletown, CT

Michael Weaver, MD, FASAM, professor and medical director at the Center for Neurobehavioral Research on Addiction at the University of Texas Medical School in Houston, TX

All editorial content is peer reviewed by the editorial board. Dr. Carlat, Dr. Capurso, Dr. Puzantian, Ms. Fogelson, Ms. Martin, Ms. Zambrano, Dr. Arnaout, Dr. Gomez-Luna, Dr. Lajoie, Dr. Legg, Dr. Oldfield, Dr. Sonkiss, Ms. Sprunger, Dr. Stiffler, Ms. Warshaw, and Dr. Weaver have disclosed that they have no financial or other interests in any commercial companies pertaining to this educational activity. This CE/CME activity is intended for psychologists, social workers, psychiatrists, and other mental health professionals with an interest in the diagnosis and treatment of addictive disorders.

Carlat Publishing occasionally uses artificial intelligence (AI) tools, such as ChatGPT and Bard, in various stages of our content creation process, such as editing articles and creating preliminary drafts and outlines. In all cases, our content is extensively revised during the editorial process by human clinicians and by our board of medical experts to ensure quality and accuracy.

As of January 2025