Lithium is the gold standard for bipolar disorder, but its use has declined since the 1990s as branded options have entered the market.

Lion’s mane is a shaggy culinary mushroom that grows on dead trees. 

Light therapy is one of the most effective treatments in this book, with a medium to large effect size in depression.

L-theanine is an amino acid found almost exclusively in tea leaves. 

L-theanine is an amino acid found almost exclusively in tea leaves. 

L-serine is a “conditionally essential” amino acid, meaning the brain sometimes cannot make enough on its own.

L-lysine is an essential amino acid with limited evidence in anxiety, stress reactivity, and schizophrenia.

L-carnosine is a naturally occurring protein that is concentrated in the brain and muscles, where it acts as an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective agent.

L-arginine is an amino acid that serves as the main precursor for nitric oxide, the same molecule that phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE-5) inhibitors like sildenafil (Viagra) work through to produce erections.

Kudzu has been used in Chinese medicine for over a thousand years to treat diabetes, heart disease, and headaches, but the indication that crossed over to Western medicine is in alcohol use disorder.