Trifluoperazine, like thiothixene (Navane), is an effective older agent with similar potency to haloperidol or fluphenazine; however, given the wide range of antipsychotic options today, it is rarely used.

Pregabalin is structurally related to gabapentin and is likely more effective for psychiatric disorders, especially generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and social anxiety disorder. 

Valproic acid (VPA) is the go-to antimanic agent for acute manic episodes, featuring faster onset of response and a better adverse effect profile compared to lithium, fewer drug interactions than carbamazepine, and efficacy for rapid cycling and relapse prevention.

Methylphenidate has a better side effect profile and somewhat lower abuse potential than amphetamines. However, patients often prefer the “kick” they get from Adderall.

Methamphetamine is highly addictive when used in its crystal form (“crystal meth”), because it causes an immediate and intense high when snorted or smoked.

Dextroamphetamine is the D-isomer of racemic amphetamine. 

Clonidine is an alpha-2 agonist with no misuse potential; it does not worsen tics and typically doesn’t cause insomnia.

This page has links and instructions for taking the 14 CME post-test, download links to supplemental materials, and PDF/eBook access to the Hospital Psychiatry Fact Book (2025).