The TOSCA study focused on children with severe ADHD, who also met criteria for oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) or conduct disorder (CD). These children tend not to do as well with stimulants alone and often end up being prescribed antipsychotics, typically second generation antipsychotics (SGA’s). TOSCA was devised to help...

Treatment resistant depression (TRD) is not untreatable. The challenge is to keep hope alive and the patient engaged in their recovery, writes Editor-in-chief Chris Aiken in the July/August issue of The Carlat Psychiatry Report. In addition to using antidepressants as part of treatment, Dr. Aiken says you should recommend the...