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  • The Carlat Child Psychiatry Report
  • Depression in Children and Adolescents (September/October)
  • Bullying and Suicidality: Some Practical Tips

Bullying and Suicidality: Some Practical Tips

The Carlat Child Psychiatry Report, Volume 9, Number 6&7, September 2018
https://www.thecarlatreport.com/newsletter-issue/ccprv10n6-7/

From The Carlat Child Psychiatry Report, September 2018, Depression in Children and Adolescents

Issue Links: Learning Objectives | Editorial Information | PDF of Issue

Topics: Bullying | Depression | Free Articles | Suicidality

Print Friendly, PDF & Email

Joshua D. Feder, MD.

Child and family psychiatrist, Solana Beach, CA, Editor-in-Chief of The Carlat Child Psychiatry Report.

Dr. Feder has disclosed that he has no relevant financial or other interests in any commercial companies pertaining to this educational activity.

What can you do when one of your patients reports being bullied? Research has shown that being bullied increases the risk of depression, anxiety, and suicidality in children. In this article, we’ll give you some tips for how to ask about bullying, how to assess its impact, and how to help your patients and their families deal with the problem.

How bullying affects children and adolescents
Bullying is unfortunately common. About 30% of school-aged children and teens report being bullied, and 70% report seeing bullying (https://nces.ed.gov/pubs2013/2013329.pdf). Kids who are bullied are more likely to have psychiatric problems than other children. A prospective, 15-year study of 2,120 children in Quebec (Geoffroy M et al, CMAJ 2018;190(2):E37–E43) found that children who suffered severe and chronic bullying had 2.5 times the risk of depression and 3.5 times the risk of both anxiety disorders and suicidality than controls.

The relationship between bullying and suicidality is complex—not the direct “bullicide” often cited in media. Experiences of rejection and exclusion and feelings of isolation and despair contribute to suicidal thinking. Those who become suicidal tend to have multiple risk factors, such as family turmoil, poor grades, and peer difficulties. Children who are both victims and bullies are at the highest risk for suicidal thinking and behavior. Social media bullying doubles the risk of self-harm or suicidal behavior (John A, J Med Internet Res 2018;20(4):e129).

How to assess for bullying
Children and teens are often embarrassed to bring up the topic of bullying, so it’s important to routinely ask about it during evaluations. Younger children may not understand what the word means, so you might ask, “Has anyone hurt you? Have they yelled at you or called you bad names?” When you see injuries, ask, “Was this an accident or on purpose?” Sometimes bullied children take a different way home or avoid certain places, such as the library or the bathroom. Such behavior may paradoxically lead to adult punishment for avoidance behavior or for wetting or soiling. Ask, “How come you are not using the bathroom at school?” Children who are having trouble sleeping may be worried or having nightmares; in these cases, ask, “Is something scaring you?”

For older children, you don’t need to be as cautious about phrasing—you can use the word “bullying,” then have the patient elaborate on what that means—but in these older kids, be sure to also ask about cyber or social media bullying.

As in all abuse situations, accept the child’s or teen’s report as the true reality. While some kids misperceive situations (eg, kids with externalizing disorders may see neutral expressions as critical), most of the time this is not the case. Either way, our job is to complete the psychiatric assessment. Look especially for depression, anxiety, and suicidality, and seek collateral data by assessing the perspectives of parents, teachers, and peers to hone in on an accurate set of diagnoses. Parents can have an important role in this process. In particular, they can ask their teens: “Who’s texting you? Why are you turning the phone away? What don’t you want me to see?”

What to do for the patient who reports bullying
Treat the syndromes that you find, using psychotherapy or medications for depression and anxiety, and consider referring your patient for trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy (TFCBT), a well-researched therapy for trauma of many types. Address other contributing factors, particularly conditions that set the child apart from others (eg, ADHD and autism spectrum disorder), with treatments like social skills training. Use medications as you usually would for psychiatric conditions, but avoid benzodiazepines, since recent research indicates that these might worsen PTSD.

Advise parents that their child requires care and protection. Many parents might encourage their child to strike back; however, this is shown to lead to more bullying difficulties. There are better approaches. Carol Gray is a well-known educator who has written extensively on managing bullying. I recommend using her evidence-informed technique of coaching the child to use one well-practiced, neutrally delivered verbal response, such as, “I’m not staying for this,” then turning and walking away from a bully and going to a trusted adult. There is excellent research showing that children and teens who witness bullying have a very good chance of stopping the bullying if they speak up forcefully, telling the bully, “Stop it!” This research demonstrates that when bystanders speak up, most of the time bullies back down.

What if your patient reports bullying but doesn’t want you to tell the parents? This is one of those times when motivational interviewing can help: Ask the child about the advantages vs disadvantages of keeping such a secret. Some children worry that they are “tattling” on the bully and thus might incite reprisals. Help the child move toward a more balanced view, hopefully one that allows you to act with the child to inform parents and authorities in a manner that is safe and productive.

Advocating at school
Child psychiatrists can have a powerful impact on schools in addressing bullying. Get parental consent and call the principal to talk about the situation. It is a rare event for schools to hear from an outside, interested professional, and your advice will carry weight. Here are some talking points that you might consider.

Encourage good supervision. The most important intervention at a school is to provide better, more engaged, and often more structured supervision during lunch, recess, and other times and places when children and teens are likely to have conflict.

Make sure there are safe people to go to. Children need to have relationships with adults whom they trust, and who can actually advocate for and protect them at school.

Discourage having the child face the bully to “work it out.” Many schools believe that such meetings are helpful for both parties, affording them the experience of working out their problems. In my experience, the meetings are rarely helpful. They tend to result in perfunctory and meaningless apologies at best, and often the bullying continues. This may also disincentivize the victim from reporting subsequent bullying.

Make sure the school is addressing the needs of all the children involved, including perpetrators (often a group) and bystanders. In rare instances, a school change may seem necessary, despite losing contact with friends and disrupting the child’s education. Weigh the option carefully.

 

CCPR Verdict: Always ask about bullying as part of your routine assessment and advocate with schools to address it.

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2022

  • ADHD in Children and Adolescents (April/May/June)
  • Assessment in Children and Adolescents (January/February/March)

2021

  • Overarousal in Children and Adolescents (Oct/Nov/Dec)
  • Substance Use in Children and Adolescents (Jul/Aug/Sep)
  • Autism in Children and Adolescents (April/May/June)
  • Clinical Complexity With Children and Adolescents (Jan/Feb/Mar)

2020

  • Esketamine (January)
  • Telepsychiatry (May)
  • Mind-Gut Connection (January)
  • Practical Psychotherapy (November/December)
  • Mood and Menopause (October)
  • When to Use Lithium (September)
  • Traumatic Brain Injury (August)
  • Borderline Personality Disorder (June/July)
  • Psychopharmacology Algorithms (April)
  • Bipolar II (March)
  • Inflammation and Depression (February)

2020

  • Mood Disorders in Children and Adolescents (Oct/Nov/Dec)
  • Identity & Culture in Children and Adolescents (July/August/September)
  • Psychosis in Children and Adolescents (April/May/June)
  • ADHD in Children and Adolescents (Jan/Feb/Mar)

2020

  • Harm Reduction (January/February)
  • Substance Use in Health Professionals (March/April)
  • Alternative Treatment in Addiction (November/December)
  • Social Aspects of Addiction (September/October)
  • Opioid Use Disorder Treatment (July/August)
  • Emerging Risks for Old Medications (May/June)

2019

  • Depression (May)
  • Adult ADHD (November/December)
  • Mental Health Apps (October)
  • How to Talk about Medication (September)
  • Side Effects Part II (August)
  • Side Effects Part I (June/July)
  • Sleep (April)
  • Parenting, Pregnancy, and Prevention (March)
  • Dark and Light Therapy (February)
  • Deprescribing (January)

2018

  • Drug Metabolism (November/December)
  • Working With Transgender Patients (October)
  • Emergency Psychiatry (September)
  • Treatment-Resistant Depression (July/August)
  • Neurobiology (June)
  • Anxiety (May)
  • Neurofeedback (April)
  • Antipsychotics Update (March)
  • Working With Families (February)
  • Bipolar Disorder (January)

2017

  • PTSD (December)
  • Retirement (November)
  • Intellectual Disability (September/October)
  • Antidepressants (July/August)
  • Personality Disorders (June)
  • Dementia (May)
  • Cognitive Behavior Therapy Techniques (April)
  • Pharmacogenetics (March)
  • Treating Psychosis (February)
  • Adult ADHD (January)

2016

  • Complementary and Alternative Medicine in Psychiatry (November/December)
  • Side Effects (October)
  • Pain Management (September)
  • Medication in Pregnancy (July/August)
  • Psychoanalysis in Modern Psychiatry (June)
  • Correctional Psychiatry (May)
  • Antidepressant Roundup (April)
  • Burnout (March)
  • Private Practice (February)
  • Bipolar Disorder (January)

2015

  • Psychiatry and General Medicine (November/December)
  • Biomarkers in Psychiatry (May)
  • Telepsychiatry (October)
  • Sleep Disorders (September)
  • Interventional Psychiatry (July/August)
  • Eating Disorders (June)
  • Psychotherapy Updates (April)
  • Topics in Geriatric Psychiatry (March)
  • Antipsychotics Update (February)
  • Risk Management (January)

2014

  • Bipolar Disorder (November/December)
  • Pharmacogenetics (October)
  • Keeping up in Psychiatry (September)
  • Research in Psychiatry (July/August)
  • Marijuana (June)
  • Psychiatric Diagnosis (May)
  • Issues in Psychopharmacology (April)
  • Schizophrenia (March)
  • Women’s Psychiatry (February)
  • Ethics in Psychiatry (January)

2013

  • Military Psychiatry (December)
  • Depression (November)
  • Treatment of Dementia (October)
  • Anxiety Disorders (September)
  • Natural and Alternative Treatments in Psychiatry (July/August)
  • Autism Spectrum Disorder (June)
  • Practice Tips (May)
  • Substance Abuse (April)
  • Medicolegal Topics (March)
  • End of Life Care (February)
  • Antipsychotic Update (January)

2012

  • Screening Tools and Tips (December)
  • Medical Comorbidities (November)
  • Devices in Psychiatry (October)
  • Eating Disorders (September)
  • Bipolar Disorder (July/August)
  • Risk Management (June)
  • Antidepressant Roundup 2012 (May)
  • Gender and Sexuality (April)
  • Personality Disorders (March)
  • ADHD (February)
  • Natural Treatments in Psychiatry (January)

2011

  • Electronic Medical Records (December)
  • Insomnia (November)
  • Psychotherapy (October)
  • Alcoholism (September)
  • Anxiety Disorders (July/August)
  • Schizophrenia (June)
  • Managing Side Effects (May)
  • Antidepressant Roundup 2011 (April)
  • DSM-5 and Diagnostic Issues (March)
  • Drug-Drug Interactions (February)
  • Bipolar Disorder (January)

2010

  • Hospital Psychiatry (December)
  • Psychiatric Medication in Pregnancy (November)
  • Maintenance of Certification (October)
  • The Neuroscience of Psychotherapy (September)
  • Treatment of Depression (July/August)
  • Email and the Internet in Psychiatry (June)
  • Substance Abuse (May)
  • The Diagnosis and Treatment of Dementia (April)
  • Ethics in Psychiatry (March)
  • Natural Treatments in Psychiatry (February)
  • ADHD (January)

2009

  • Treating Schizophrenia (December)
  • Treatment for Anxiety Disorders (November)
  • The Latest on Antidepressants (October)
  • Topics in Neuropsychiatry (September)
  • The Interface of Medicine and Psychiatry (July/August)
  • Generic Medications in Psychiatry (June)
  • The Treatment of Eating Disorders (May)
  • Healthcare Policy and Psychiatry (April)
  • Antipsychotic Roundup 2009 (March)
  • Psychiatric Medication in Pregnancy and Lactation (February)
  • Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (January)

2008

  • Treating Fibromyalgia and Pain in Psychiatry (December)
  • Issues in Child Psychiatry (November)
  • Improving Psychiatric Practice (October)
  • Treating Personality Disorders (September)
  • Bipolar Disorder (July/August)
  • Antipsychotic Roundup 2008 (June)
  • Atypical Antipsychotics in Clinical Practice (February)
  • Neuropsychological Testing (May)
  • Psychiatric Medications: Effects and Side Effects (April)
  • Update on Substance Abuse (March)
  • Anticonvulsants in Psychiatry (February)
  • Brain Devices in Psychiatry (January)

2007

  • The Treatment of Insomnia (December)
  • Avoiding Malpractice in Psychiatry (November)
  • Update on Eating Disorders (October)
  • Complex Psychopharmacology (September)
  • Laboratory Testing in Psychiatry (August)
  • Psychotherapy in Psychiatry (July)
  • Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (June)
  • Topics in Geriatric Psychiatry 2007 (May)
  • Pregnancy and Menopause in Psychiatry (Apil)
  • Antipsychotic Roundup 2007 (March)
  • Understanding Psychiatric Research (February)
  • Antidepressant Round-up 2007 (January)

2006

  • Technology and Psychiatric Practice (December)
  • The Use of MAOIs (November)
  • Medication Treatment of Depression (January)
  • Seasonal Affective Disorder (October)
  • Treatment of ADHD (September)
  • Topics in Bipolar Disorder (August)
  • Neurotransmitters in Psychiatry (July)
  • Treating Substance Abuse (June)
  • The STAR*D Antidepressant Trial (May)
  • Natural Treatments in Psychiatry (April)
  • Medication Treatment of Anxiety (March)
  • Panic Disorder: Making Treatment Work (March)
  • Antipsychotic Roundup 2006 (February)
  • Antidepressant Roundup 2006 (January)

2005

  • Self-Help Books and Psychiatry (December)
  • Genetics and Psychiatry (November)
  • Pregnancy and Psychiatric Treatment (October)
  • Benzodiazepines and Hypnotics in Psychiatry (September)
  • Geriatric Psychiatry Update (August)
  • Chart Documentation in Psychiatry (July)
  • The Treatment of Bipolar Disorder (June)
  • Weight Loss and Smoking Cessation in Psychiatry (May)
  • Treating ADHD (April)
  • Drug Industry Influence in Psychiatry (March)
  • Atypical Antipsychotics 2005 (February)
  • Antidepressant Roundup 2005 (January)

2004

  • Sexual Dysfunction (December)
  • Suicide Prevention (November)
  • To Sleep, To Awake (October)
  • Women’s Issues in Psychiatry (September)
  • OCD: An Update (August)
  • Chronic Pain and Psychiatry (July)
  • Neuroimaging in Psychiatry (June)
  • Natural Medications in Psychiatry (May)
  • Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (April)
  • Treatment of Alcoholism (March)
  • Battle of the Atypicals (February)
  • Antidepressant Roundup, 2004 (January)

2003

  • Research Methods in Psychiatry (December)
  • Antidepressants in Children (November)
  • The Treatment of Dementia (October)
  • Bipolar Disorder, Part II: The Novel Anticonvulsants (September)
  • Bipolar Disorder: The Basics (August)
  • Drug-Drug Interactions in Psychiatry (July)
  • Managing Antidepressant Side Effects (June)
  • Antidepressants in Pregnancy and Lactation (May)
  • ADHD: Medication Options (April)
  • Panic Disorder: Making Treatment Work (March)
  • Atypical Antipsychotics in Clinical Practice (February)
  • Medication Treatment of Depression (January)

2019

  • Autism in Children and Adolescents (November/December)
  • Depression in Children and Adolescents (May/June/July/August)
  • Substance Use in Children and Adolescents (September/October)
  • Trauma in Children and Adolescents (March/April)
  • Anxiety in Children and Adolescents (January/February)

2018

  • Psychotropic Risks in Children and Adolescents (May/June)
  • ADHD in Children and Adolescents (November/December)
  • Depression in Children and Adolescents (September/October)
  • Autism in Children and Adolescents (July/August)
  • Anxiety in Children and Adolescents (March/April)
  • Suicide in Children and Adolescents (January/February)

2017

  • Adolescents (November/December)
  • ADHD in Children and Adolescents (September/October)
  • Psychosis in Children and Adolescents (August)
  • PANDAS, PANS, and Related Disorders (June/July)
  • Marijuana in Children and Adolescents (May)
  • Tourette’s and Other Tic Disorders in Children and Adolescents (March/April)
  • Autism in Children and Adolescents (January/February)

2016

  • Gender Dysphoria in Children and Adolescents (November/December)
  • Technology Issues With Children and Adolescents (September/October)
  • Mood Dysregulation in Children and Adolescents (July/August)
  • Eating Disorders in Children and Adolescents (May/June)
  • Conduct Disorder in Children and Adolescents (April)
  • Sleep Disorders in Children and Adolescents (March)
  • ADHD in Children and Adolescents (January/February)

2015

  • Antidepressant Use in Children (November/December)
  • Foster Care and Child Psychiatry (September/October)
  • Autism (July/August)
  • Trauma (May/June)
  • Anxiety Disorders (April)
  • Schools and Psychiatry (March)
  • Emergency Psychiatry in Children (January/February)

2014

  • Antipsychotics in Children (December)
  • ADHD (November)
  • Gender and Sexuality (September/October)
  • Psychotic Symptoms (Summer)
  • Medication Side Effects (May)
  • Food and Mood (April)
  • Learning and Developmental Disabilities (February)

2013

  • Complex Practice Issues (December)
  • Diet and Nutrition (November)
  • Child Psychiatry in DSM-5 (August/September)
  • Medication Side Effects and Interactions (June/July)
  • Problematic Technology (March/April)
  • Autism Spectrum Disorders (January/February)

2012

  • Bipolar Disorder (December)
  • Substance Abuse (October/November)
  • Transitional Age Youth (July/August)
  • Rating Scales (May/June)
  • Eating Disorders (March/April)
  • Behavioral Disorders (February)

2011

  • Treatment of Anxiety Disorders (December)
  • Trauma (November)
  • Bullying and School Issues (October)
  • Hidden Medical Disorders (August)
  • OCD and Tic Disorders (June)
  • Suicide and Non-Suicidal Self Injury (April)
  • Sleep Disorders (March)
  • ADHD (January)

2010

  • Use of Antipsychotics in Children and Adolescents (December)
  • Learning and Developmental Disabilities (October)
  • Major Depression (September)
  • Treating Children and Families (July)
  • The Explosive Child (May)

2019

  • Dual Diagnosis in Addiction Medicine (May/June)
  • Medical Issues in Addiction Practice (November/December)
  • Alcohol Addiction (September/October)
  • Legal Issues in Addiction Medicine (July/August)
  • Traumatic Brain Injury and Addiction (March/April)
  • Board Certification in Addiction Medicine (January/February)

2018

  • Opioid Addiction (November/December)
  • Addiction in Older Adults (October)
  • Sleep Disorders and Addiction (September)
  • Adolescent Addiction (July/August)
  • Pain and Addiction (May/June)
  • Cannabis and Addiction (March/April)
  • Stigma and Addiction (January/February)

2017

  • Pregnancy and Addiction (November/December)
  • Detox (Sepember/October)
  • Dual Diagnosis (August)
  • Alternatives to 12-Step Programs (June/July)
  • Recovery (May)
  • Psychiatric Uses of Street Drugs (March/April)
  • Sex Addiction (January/February)

2016

  • Prescription Drug Monitoring Programs (PDMPs) (November/December)
  • Addiction in Health Care Professionals (September/October)
  • Dialectical Behavior Therapy in Addiction (August)
  • Motivational Interviewing (June/July)
  • Benzodiazepines (May)
  • Opioid Addiction (March/April)
  • Families and Substance Abuse (January/February)

2015

  • The Twelve Steps (November/December)
  • Designer Drugs (September/October)
  • Residential Treatment Programs Decoded (July/August)
  • Nicotine and E-Cigarettes (June)
  • Drug Screening (April/May)
  • Integrating Therapy and Medications for Alcoholism (March)
  • Detoxification Protocols (January/February)

2014

  • Behavioral Addictions (December)
  • Risk and Reimbursement (November)
  • Stimulant Abuse (September/October)
  • Self-Help Programs (June)
  • Opioid Addiction (May)
  • Coping with Bad Outcomes (March)
  • Change Management in Addiction Treatment (January/February)

2013

  • Cocaine Addiction (December)
  • Relapse Prevention (November)
  • Cannabis Addiction (August/September)
  • Addiction in DSM-5 (June/July)
Editor-in-Chief

Joshua D. Feder, MD

Dr. Joshua Feder studied mathematics and medicine at Boston University, Psychiatry at Naval Regional Medical Center San Diego, serving the first gulf war in child and adolescent psychiatry fellowship at Tripler Army Medical Center in Honolulu, and eventually becoming Chief of Child Psychiatry at the National Naval Medical Center in Bethesda, MD. Dr. Feder now practices in Solana Beach, California and serves as Medical Director at Positive Development, providing relationship-based support for families, with research at UCSD, SDSU, Fielding Graduate University, An Najah National University, Quicksilver Software, Autism Is inclusion program, and Programmatic Lead for the International Networking Group on Peace Building with Young Children, with projects in the US, Northern Ireland, and the Middle East. Dr. Feder co-authored the first American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry Practice Parameter on Autism and serves on the Disaster & Trauma Committee and the Resource Group on Youth at the Border. Dr Feder was founding policy chair for the California Association for Infant Mental Health, and advocates worldwide on access to care, climate policy, and peacebuilding. His recent books include Child Medication Fact Book for Psychiatric Practice (2018) and Prescribing Psychotropics (2021).

Full Editorial Information

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