From obsessions, compulsions, and tics, to personality changes and oppositional behavior, the symptoms of PANS are wide-ranging. PANDAS is considered a subset of PANS that is temporally associated with a Group A streptococcal (GAS) infection.

Emotional stress can trigger an inflammatory cascade response and increase blood levels of proinflammatory cytokines—including IL-1, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α). These same inflammatory markers intensify in acute episodes of depression and mania.

The debate about whether antidepressants work in children has been with us since the tricyclic era. A recent study evaluated the short-term efficacy and safety of a newer agent, desvenlafaxine (Pristiq).

After reading these articles, you should be able to…

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Suicidal thinking and behavior remains difficult to predict and challenging to address. As a resident in the mid-1980s, I made an annual trek from Naval Hospital San Diego to UCLA, bringing a year of painful experiences to the renowned Dr. Edwin Schneidman.

Historically, psychiatrists did not focus on identifying and treating risk factors for child and adolescent suicidal behavior. But after an increase in youth suicide rates in the 1980s, we started doing more research to get clarity about the issues. For example, we became aware that there were clusters of youth committing suicide—doing so in the same community and during the same time period. We suddenly recognized that hearing about a peer committing suicide would raise the risk for that peer’s close friends.